Proteins are made in different steps that occur in different places in the cell. First, in the nucleus, DNA is transcripted into mRNA by the enzyme, RNA Polymerase. Then the mRNA is transported through the cytoplasm, to the ribosome. Then, each codon, or set of 3 bases, is translated into protein language, or amino acids. Amino acids join to form a chain, called a polypeptide. The chain then bends, folds, and twists, eventually forming a protein.
Based on the results, substitution made the least difference, but frameshift mutations like insertion and deletion made the most flawed proteins. When a substitution happens, there is still a chance that the same amino acid will form, or there will just be one small error. But insertion and deletions towards the beginning of the sequence, completely changed the rest, starting from the mutation, onwards.
The mutation that had the absolute greatest effect was insertion or deletion of one of the first 3 bases of the sequence. This meant that the first amino acid, "MET", was altered, therefore there was no start codon. This means that there would be no protein because the translation never even started! This type of insertion that happened at the beginning affected the protein the most.
Many mutations could be in my genes, yet I don't even know it. Because some of them have little to no effect, but others can be fatal, you never know what mutations might exist in you. An example of a disease caused by a mutation is Uner Tan Syndrome. People with this disorder walk on all fours and behave like apes. Its like going backwards through evolution almost! Below is a documentary featured on BBC2 in 2006 about a Turkish family with this disorder, called "The Family that Walks on All Fours."
Based on the results, substitution made the least difference, but frameshift mutations like insertion and deletion made the most flawed proteins. When a substitution happens, there is still a chance that the same amino acid will form, or there will just be one small error. But insertion and deletions towards the beginning of the sequence, completely changed the rest, starting from the mutation, onwards.
The mutation that had the absolute greatest effect was insertion or deletion of one of the first 3 bases of the sequence. This meant that the first amino acid, "MET", was altered, therefore there was no start codon. This means that there would be no protein because the translation never even started! This type of insertion that happened at the beginning affected the protein the most.
Many mutations could be in my genes, yet I don't even know it. Because some of them have little to no effect, but others can be fatal, you never know what mutations might exist in you. An example of a disease caused by a mutation is Uner Tan Syndrome. People with this disorder walk on all fours and behave like apes. Its like going backwards through evolution almost! Below is a documentary featured on BBC2 in 2006 about a Turkish family with this disorder, called "The Family that Walks on All Fours."
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